[24] According to the Iraqi Turkmen scholar Professor Suphi Saatçi: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, the political goal of the Iraqi government was to distinguish the Iraqi Turkmen from other Turks in Anatolia, just as the Greek government used the name "Muslim minority" for those Turks living within the borders of Greece. [39], In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the Ottoman Empire, with a natural tie to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the Republic of Turkey. These migrants belonged mainly to the Chowdur (Russian variants Chaudorov, Chavodur), Sonchadj and Ikdir tribes. The musical art of the Turkmens is an integral part of the musical art of the Turkic peoples. They are probably descended from Turkic garrisons o… [59], Indeed, Iraqi Turkmens themselves (according to the 1957 census), as well as a range of linguistic sources, tend to view their language as a Turkish dialect (of Turkey),[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] which they call Irak Türkmen Türkçesi, Irak Türkçesi, or Irak Türkmencesi. The Iraqi Turkmen Front is a political movement founded in 1995 which seeks to represent the Iraqi Turkmen people. [14], In the early Middle ages, Turkmens called themselves Oghuz, and in the Middle Ages they took the ethnonym - Turkmen. [15] In Byzantine, then in the European sources, and later in the American tradition, Turkmens were called Turkomans,[16][17][18][19] in the countries of the Near and Middle East - Turkmens, as well as Torkaman, Terekeme; in Kievan Rus - Torkmens;[20] in the Duchy of Moscow - Taurmen;[21] and in the Tsarist Russia - Turkoman and Trukhmen. As Iraq prepares to vote in national elections, a Turkmen community has built concrete walls around their town to protect against a "plot to wipe them out" [23], Prior to the mid-20th century the Turkmen in Iraq were known simply as "Turks". The results 4 ethnicities: 1. [37] Thus, more Turks arrived with the army of Sultan Murad IV in 1638 following the capture of Baghdad whilst others came even later with other notable Ottoman figures. Furthermore, the Turkmen officer for the Ministry of Education in Nineveh has requested from the "United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq" the instigation of Turkish language classes for parents. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. [4][6][7][101] This put them third, behind Arabs and Kurds. Des Weiteren gibt es Araber und Assyrer, die überwiegend im Süden Türkmenelis wohnen. Retrieved 2010-10-08. Brill, 2000), According to the CIA World Factbook, Turkmenistan is 89% Muslim and 10% Eastern Orthodox. With the conquest of Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks—predominantly from Anatolia—settled down in Iraq. After Turkmenistan gained her independence, new ways of establishing physical and sports movements in the country began to emerge. The term Turkmen is generally applied to the Turkic tribes that have been distributed across the Near and Middle East, as well as Central Asia, from the 11th century to modern times. [93], The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly Muslims. [40] Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the Arabs and Kurds, in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status. [79] Indeed, the dialects spoken in Turkmen-dominated regions in other parts of the country – including Amirli, Kifri, Tal Afar and Tuz Khurmatu – are all said to be similar to the Turkish dialect of Urfa. The Persians ruled the city until 1638 when a massive Ottoman force, led by Sultan Murad IV, recaptured the city. There are also Iraqi Turkmen communities living in Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand,[citation needed] Greece, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.[116][117][118][119]. [57] It was not until 2005 that the Turkmen dialects were recognized under the Iraqi constitution; since then, the Iraqi Turkmen have opened numerous Turkish schools[58] and media exposure from Turkey has led to the standardisation of their dialects towards Istanbul Turkish and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the Turkish culture. In their cultural life the Trukhmens of today differ very little from their neighbours and are now settled farmers and stockbreeders. [113], The Iraqi Turkmen generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of Turkmeneli. Turkmens (Turkmen: Türkmenler, Түркменлер, توركمنلر ‎, [tʏɾkmønˈløɾ]; [page needed] historically the Turkmen), also known as Turkmen Turks (Turkmen: Türkmen türkleri, توركمن تورکلری ‎), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of … [79] Hence, there are linguists who acknowledge similarities with Azerbaijani spoken in Iran but say that Iraqi Turkmen has "greater proximity to Turkish of Turkey". This page was last edited on 13 March 2021, at 15:53. The most spoken languages are Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurdish, Iraqi Turkmen dialects and Syriac. For example, the Ba'th regime recognised that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation. [18][19][3][25], The presence of Turkic peoples in what is today Iraq first began in the 7th century when approximately 2,000[26]–5,000[27][28] Oghuz Turks were recruited in the Muslim armies of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad. We describe a consanguineous Iraqi family in which affected siblings had mild mental retardation and congenital ataxia characterized by quadrupedal gait. Turkmen sources note that Turcomania – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by William Guthrie in 1785, but there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century. [30] Many of these settlers assumed positions of military and administrative responsibilities in the Seljuk Empire. [135], The Kurds claimed de facto sovereignty over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. [44] Di Cristofaro et al. Turkmen (Latin: Türkmençe, Cyrillic: Түркменче) is the language of the nation of Turkmenistan. A study of various Iranic ethnic groups [2] showed that Iraqi Kurmanji Kurds are the closest West Asian populatin to Central Asian Turkmen and Tatars (Fig 19). The Iraqi Turkmen (also spelled in the singular as Turkoman and Turcoman; Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks,[14] Turks of Iraq,[15] Turkish-Iraqis,[16] or the Iraqi-Turkish minority,[17] (Arabic: تركمان العراق‎; Turkish: Irak Türkleri) are Iraqis of Turkic origin who mostly adhere to a Turkish heritage and identity. It broadcasts programmes in the Turkish and Arabic languages. 50-52. According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000 – an increase of more than 400 per cent from the previous year's total. [109][110][111] On the other hand, some Kurdish groups claim that the Iraqi Turkmen make up 2–3% of the Iraqi population, or approximately 500,000–800,000.[112]. [134] Thus, ethnic cleansing was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk. [88], However, in 1959 the military junta introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja". 11 Turkmen @ 17.684858 12 Lebanese_Muslim @ 18.357162 13 Syrian @ 19.481529 14 Georgian @ 20.017445 15 Adygei @ 20.277994 16 Balkar @ 21.237782 17 Abhkasian @ 21.961876 18 Ossetian @ 22.423069 [86] According to the 2010 Census of Russia, they numbered 15,048, and accounted for 0.5% of the total population of Stavropol Krai. The first wave of migration dates back to the 7th century, followed by migrations during the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the fleeing Oghuz during the Mongol destruction of the Khwarazmian dynasty (see Kara Koyunlu and Ag Qoyunlu), and the largest migration, during the Ottoman Empire (1535–1919). [24], The terms "Turkmen", "Turkman", and "Turkoman" have been used in the Middle East for centuries (particularly in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey) to define the common genealogical and linguistic ties of the Oghuz Turks in these regions. [127] Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses. [121], The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the Ottoman Empire to an increasingly discriminated against minority. [85] Turkmen tribes, of which there are twelve major groups in Afghanistan, base their structure on genealogies traced through the male line. [138] Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen.
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