It is the birthplace of history itself and home to the worlds oldest civilizations. After the failure of the uprising Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union. [14][15] Whereas it was widely believed that the sanctions caused a major rise in child mortality, recent research has shown that commonly cited data were fabricated by the Iraqi government and that "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the period of the sanctions."[16][17][18]. Omissions? A temple to the moon god Nanna, or Sin, was situ… After several decades of positive economic growth, Saddam Hussein completely toppled the economy of Iraq and the value of its currency. The western desert, an extension of the Syrian Desert, rises to elevations above 1,600 feet (490 metres). After World War I, Iraq passed from the failing Ottoman Empire to British control. King Ghazi's reign lasted five and a half years. As a result of these policies Iraq experienced rapid economic growth. Al-Dibdibah is a more sandy region with a covering of scrub vegetation. This coup led to a British invasion of Iraq using forces from the British Indian Army and the Arab Legion from Jordan. [8], Between 1986 and 1989, Hussein's Al-Anfal Campaign is alleged to have killed an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 Kurdish civilians.[9][10]. Allied air raids destroyed roads, bridges, factories, and oil-industry facilities (shutting down the national refining and distribution system) and disrupted electric, telephone, and water service. In 1948, Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League in order to defend Palestinian rights. Western and southern Iraq is a vast desert region covering some 64,900 square miles (168,000 square km), almost two-fifths of the country. In 1961, Kuwait gained independence from Britain and Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait. Exploration rights were granted to the Iraqi Petroleum Company, which despite the name, was a British oil company. It was clear that it was impossible to defeat the Kurds by military means and in 1970 a political agreement was reached between the rebels and the Iraqi government. The southern desert is known as Al-Ḥajarah in the western part and as Al-Dibdibah in the east. In 1927, huge oil fields were discovered near Kirkuk and brought economic improvement. This can be considered the First Anglo-Iraqi War. History of Iraq (Mesopotamia) Part 1 تأريخ العراق. A new, young, technocratic elite was governing the country and the fast-growing economy brought prosperity and stability. After World War I, Iraq passed from the failing Ottoman Empire to British control. Britain established the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932. During the 1973 October War, Iraqi divisions engaged Israeli forces. From 1991 until 2003 the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to hyperinflation, widespread poverty and malnutrition. British forces regrouped and captured Baghdad in 1917. In retrospect, the 1970s can be seen as a high point in Iraq's modern history. The Agreement was concluded on 16 May 1916. A massive US-led military campaign forces Iraq to withdraw in February 1991. On 6 August 1990, after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, providing for a full trade embargo, excluding medical supplies, food and other items of humanitarian necessity, these to be determined by the Security Council sanctions committee. In the Mandate period and beyond, the British supported the traditional, Sunni leadership (such as the tribal shaykhs) over the growing, urban-based nationalist movement. In June 1967, Iraq sent a token force to the Jordanian front. The modern nation-state of Iraq was created following World War I (1914–18) from the Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul and derives its name from the Arabic term used in the premodern period to describe a region that roughly corresponded to Mesopotamia (ʿIrāq ʿArabī, “Arabian Iraq”) and modern northwestern Iran (ʿIrāq ʿAjamī, “foreign [i.e., Persian] Iraq”). In March 1991 revolts in the Shia-dominated southern Iraq started involving demoralized Iraqi Army troops and the anti-government Shia parties. Iraq remained part of the Arab coalition seeking to destroy Israel. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The plains of lower Mesopotamia extend southward some 375 miles (600 km) from Balad on the Tigris and Al-Ramādī on the Euphrates to the Persian Gulf. It allied Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. The new government proclaimed Iraq to be a republic and rejected the idea of a union with Jordan. In the aftermath, the government intensified the forced relocating of Marsh Arabs and the draining of the Iraqi marshlands, while the Allies established the Iraqi no-fly zones. Iraq's economy recovered sharply after the 1968 revolution. Iraq was carved out of the Ottoman Empire by the French and British as agreed in the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Baram, A. Iraq agreed to UN terms for a permanent cease-fire in April 1991, and strict conditions were imposed, demanding the disclosure and destruction of all stockpiles of weapons. His uncle 'Abd al-Ilah became regent (April 1939 – May 1953). See also our 1900-2000: Iraq timeline. Iraq profile - timeline Baathists in power. In the 24th century BCE, Sargon of the city of Akkad called himself the King and ruled over a large part of what is today Iran, Syria, and Turkey, as well as Iraq. When the garrison in Mosul rebelled against Qāsim's policies, he allowed the Kurdish leader Barzānī to return from exile in the Soviet Union to help suppress the pro-Nāsir rebels. Almost all current accounts, influenced by special interests, of the incident regard the Iraqi regime as the party responsible for the gas attack (as opposed to Iran), and the event has become iconic in depictions of Saddam's cruelty. In 1945, Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League. He obtained the throne partly by the influence of T. E. Lawrence. In August Major General Husayn Kāmil Hasan al-Majīd, Minister of Military Industries and a political ally of Saddam, defected to Jordan, together with his wife (one of Saddam's daughters) and his brother, Saddam, who was married to another of the president's daughters; both called for the overthrow of the Iraqi government. In July 1979, President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr resigned, and his chosen successor, Saddam Hussein, assumed the offices of both President and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. In response, Nasser launched a media campaign that challenged the legitimacy of the Iraqi monarchy. Iraq's history is full of unsettling changes. Iran's occupation of numerous islands in the Strait of Hormuz didn't help alter Iraq's fears. [1] On 11 November 1920 it became a League of Nations mandate under British control with the name "State of Iraq". The alluvial plains contain extensive lakes. Finally, Saddam Hussein established a National Assembly in March 1980, setting up the first parliament since the overthrow of the Monarchy in 1958. The leading force of the overthrow is the army. However, Hussein's ambition soon led him to be involved in various conflicts, with disastrous results to the infrastructure of Iraq. Iran-Iraq war. Saddam ousted. Between 1979 and 2003, Iraq underwent multiple wars—the Iraq-Iran war 1980-1988 and the Gulf war in 1991 followed by a decade of economic sanctions and isolation. … A long-standing territorial dispute led to the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. While many Iraqis identify with the Arabs (Islam is the state religion), the Kurds in the north follow their own drummer. The Land Settlement Act gave the tribal shaykhs the right to register the communal tribal lands in their own name. In 1980, the reactor site suffered minor damage due to an Iranian air strike, and in 1981, before the reactor could be completed, it was destroyed by the Israeli Air Force in Operation Opera. Shaykh `Abd-Allāh as-Salīm, the ruler of Kuwait, was invited to Baghdad to discuss Kuwait's future. In 1967–1968 Iraqi communists launched an insurgency in southern Iraq.[5]. The war had a negative impact on Iraq's economy. The secretary-general of the Ba`ath party, Saddam Hussein, was given responsibility to find a solution. Eight years of war had taken a terrible toll of the Iraqi population: the war had cost Iraq an estimated quarter of those had been victims of the Iraqi Kurds; over 60,000 Iraqis remained prisoners of the Iranians; nearly one million Iraqis now served in the armed forces. They were ruthlessly crushed by the loyalist forces spearheaded by the Iraqi Republican Guard and the population was successfully terrorized. In the 14 July Revolution of 1958, the king was deposed and the Republic of Iraq was declared. Iraq was conquered and inhabited by numerous empires, including the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonian, Seleucid and Parthian.
Bentuk-bentuk Analisis Konveksi Aliran Eksternal, 14 Hooded Assassin's In Italy, Harper Marker Dress Episode, Mn Timberwolves Instagram, Used Fishing Boats For Sale In Usa, How Did They Film The Impossible, Business Expansion Strategy,